Aside from his military and dynastic pursuits, John of Gaunt was a key political player during a turbulent period in English history. He served as a de facto ruler during the minority of his nephew Richard II and was a central figure in the power struggles of the late 14th century. John was also a notable patron of the arts and literature. His c

John’s most enduring legacy is undoubtedly his role as the progenitor of the Lancastrian branch of the English royal family. His legitimate son, Henry Bolingbroke, eventually deposed King Richard II and ascended the throne as King Henry IV in 1399, founding the Lancastrian dynasty. This transition marked a significant turning point in English his

John of Gaunt (1340–1399) remains one of the most influential and fascinating figures of medieval England. Known primarily as the Duke of Lancaster, he was the fourth son of King Edward III and played a critical role in shaping the English monarchy during the late 14th century. His legacy is not only defined by his direct bloodline—being the gr

Despite its prosperity, Florence faced internal and external challenges. Political factionalism, social inequality, and the plague outbreaks of the 14th century strained the republic. The Pazzi Conspiracy of 1478 was a dramatic attempt to overthrow Medici rule, which failed but highlighted tensions. In the early 16th century, Florence was caught